Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

(1) sufficient cognition to follow simple instructions, as well as understand the content and purpose of the experiment (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score>25) ; (2) subcortical location of the ischemic lesion within the territory of the middle cerebral artery; (3) have moderate to severe motor disability at the paretic upper limb (assessed by Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth Score of fingers (MAS), and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT))

Exclusion Criteria

(1) severe hand spasticity, open hand wound or hand deformity; (2) visual field deficits; (3) aphasia, neglect, and apraxia.