References

Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals
From a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association
Joseph P. Broderick, Harold P. Adams Jr, William Barsan, William Feinberg, Edward Feldmann, James Grotta, Carlos Kase, Derek Krieger, Marc Mayberg, Barbara Tilley, Joseph M. Zabramski, and Mario Zuccarello
Stroke 1999 30: 905-915.

Hinton RC, Kistler JP, Fallon JT, Friedlich AL, Fisher CM.
Influence of etiology of atrial fibrillation on incidence of systemic embolism.
Am J Cardiol. 1977 Oct;40(4):509-13.

Carter AB
Prognosis of cerebral embolism.
Lancet 1965;2:514-19

Adams GF, Merrett JD, Hutchinson WM, Pollock AM
Cerebral embolism and mitral stenosis: survival with and without anticoagulants.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1974 Apr;37(4):378-83.

Fleming HA, Bailey SM.
Mitral valve disease, systemic embolism and anticoagulants.
Postgrad Med J. 1971 Sep;47(551):599-604.

Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P.
Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.
Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):483S-512S.

Hartz RS, LoCicero J 3rd, Kucich V, DeBoer A, O'Mara S, Meyers SN, Michaelis LL.
Comparative study of warfarin versus antiplatelet therapy in patients with a St. Jude Medical valve in the aortic position.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986 Oct;92(4):684-90.

Ribeiro PA, Al Zaibag M, Idris M, Al Kasab S, Davies G, Mashat E, Wareham E, Al Fagih M.
Antiplatelet drugs and the incidence of thromboembolic complications of the St. Jude Medical aortic prosthesis in patients with rheumatic heart disease.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986 Jan;91(1):92-8.

Turpie AG, Gent M, Laupacis A, Latour Y, Gunstensen J, Basile F, Klimek M, Hirsh J.
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Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, McGoon DC, Pluth JR, Puga FJ, Wallace RB, Danielson GK, Orszulak TA, Piehler JM, Schaff HV.
Trial of combined warfarin plus dipyridamole or aspirin therapy in prosthetic heart valve replacement: danger of aspirin compared with dipyridamole.
Am J Cardiol. 1983 May 15;51(9):1537-41.

Ionescu MI, Smith DR, Hasan SS, Chidambaram M, Tandon AP.
Clinical durability of the pericardial xenograft valve: ten years experience with mitral replacement.
Ann Thorac Surg. 1982 Sep;34(3):265-77.

Nunez L, Gil Aguado M, Larrea JL, Celemin D, Oliver J.
Prevention of thromboembolism using aspirin after mitral valve replacement with porcine bioprosthesis.
Ann Thorac Surg. 1984 Jan;37(1):84-7.

Theal M, Sleik K, Anand S, Yi Q, Yusuf S, Lonn E.
Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in ethnic groups.
Can J Cardiol. 2004 Apr;20(5):511-5.

Barnett HJ, Boughner DR, Taylor DW, Cooper PE, Kostuk WJ, Nichol PM.
Further evidence relating mitral-valve prolapse to cerebral ischemic events.
N Engl J Med. 1980 Jan 17;302(3):139-44.

Gilon D, Buonanno FS, Joffe MM, Leavitt M, Marshall JE, Kistler JP, Levine RA
Lack of evidence of an association between mitral-valve prolapse and stroke in young patients.
N Engl J Med. 1999 Jul 1;341(1):8-13.

Avierinos JF, Brown RD, Foley DA, Nkomo V, Petty GW, Scott C, Enriquez-Sarano M.
Cerebral ischemic events after diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse: a community-based study of incidence and predictive factors.
Stroke. 2003 Jun;34(6):1339-44. Epub 2003 May 08.

Watson RT.
TIA, stroke, and mitral valve prolapse.
Neurology. 1979 Jun;29(6):886-9.

Hanson MR, Conomy JP, Hodgman JR.
Brain events associated with mitral valve prolapse.
Stroke. 1980 Sep-Oct;11(5):499-506.

Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, Hommel M, Besson G, Chauvel C, Touboul PJ, Bousser MG.
Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke.
N Engl J Med. 1994 Dec 1;331(22):1474-9.

Atherosclerotic Disease of the Aortic Arch as a Risk Factor for Recurrent Ischemic Stroke
The French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke Group
N Engl J Med. 1996 May 9;334(19):1216-21.

Ferrari E, Vidal R, Chevallier T, Baudouy M.
Atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta and aortic debris as a marker of poor prognosis: benefit of oral anticoagulants.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Apr;33(5):1317-22.

Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, Mirchandani S, Francescone S, Rosenzweig BP, Freedberg RS, Katz ES, Applebaum RM, Kronzon I; NYU Atheroma Group.
Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque.
Am J Cardiol. 2002 Dec 15;90(12):1320-5.

J Davenport and RG Hart
Prosthetic valve endocarditis 1976-1987. Antibiotics, anticoagulation, and stroke
Stroke 1990 21: 993-999.

Anderson DJ, Goldstein LB, Wilkinson WE, Corey GR, Cabell CH, Sanders LL, Sexton DJ.
Stroke location, characterization, severity, and outcome in mitral vs aortic valve endocarditis.
Neurology. 2003 Nov 25;61(10):1341-6.

Carpenter JL, McAllister CK.
Anticoagulation in prosthetic valve endocarditis.
South Med J. 1983 Nov;76(11):1372-5.

Paschalis C, Pugsley W, John R, Harrison MJ.
Rate of cerebral embolic events in relation to antibiotic and anticoagulant therapy in patients with bacterial endocarditis.
Eur Neurol. 1990;30(2):87-9.

Yeh TJ, Anabtawi IN, Cornett VE, Ellison RG.
Influence of rhythm and anticoagulation upon the incidence of embolization associated with Starr-Edwards prostheses.
Circulation. 1967 Apr;35(4 Suppl):I77-81.

Delahaye JP, Poncet P, Malquarti V, Beaune J, Gare JP, Mann JM.
Cerebrovascular accidents in infective endocarditis: role of anticoagulation.
Eur Heart J. 1990 Dec;11(12):1074-8.

Wilson WR, Geraci JE, Danielson GK, Thompson RL, Spittell JA Jr, Washington JR 2nd, Giuliani ER.
Anticoagulant therapy and central nervous system complications in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis.
Circulation. 1978 May;57(5):1004-7.

Rogers LR, Cho ES, Kempin S, Posner JB.
Cerebral infarction from non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Clinical and pathological study including the effects of anticoagulation.
Am J Med. 1987 Oct;83(4):746-56.

Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ.
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review.
Am Heart J. 1987 Mar;113(3):773-84.

Sack GH Jr, Levin J, Bell WR.
Trousseau's syndrome and other manifestations of chronic disseminated coagulopathy in patients with neoplasms: clinical, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic features.
Medicine (Baltimore). 1977 Jan;56(1):1-37.

Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke.
EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group.
Lancet. 1993 Nov 20;342(8882):1255-62.
Stroke Trials Directory Entry: EAFT

Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and recent cerebral ischemia.
The European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group.
N Engl J Med. 1995 Jul 6;333(1):5-10.
Stroke Trials Directory Entry: EAFT

Albers GW, Diener HC, Frison L, Grind M, Nevinson M, Partridge S, Halperin JL, Horrow J, Olsson SB, Petersen P, Vahanian A; SPORTIF Executive Steering Committee for the SPORTIF V Investigators.
Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial.
JAMA. 2005 Feb 9;293(6):690-8.
Stroke Trials Directory Entry: SPORTIF V

Drapkin A, Merskey C.
Anticoagulant therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Relation of therapeutic benefit to patient's age, sex, and severity of infarction.
JAMA. 1972 Oct 30;222(5):541-8.

VA Coop Study
Anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction. Results of a cooperative clinical trial.
JAMA. 1973 Aug 13;225(7):724-9.

Vaitkus PT, Barnathan ES.
Embolic potential, prevention and management of mural thrombus complicating anterior myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):1004-9.

Collins R, MacMahon S, Flather M, Baigent C, Remvig L, Mortensen S, Appleby P, Godwin J, Yusuf S, Peto R.
Clinical effects of anticoagulant therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of randomised trials.
BMJ. 1996 Sep 14;313(7058):652-9.

R. Collins, R. Peto, C. Baigent, and P. Sleight
Drug Therapy: Aspirin, Heparin, and Fibrinolytic Therapy in Suspected Acute Myocardial Infarction
N Engl J Med. 1997 Mar 20;336(12):847-60.

Kontny F, Dale J, Abildgaard U, Pedersen TR.
Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) in prevention of left ventricular thrombus formation and arterial embolism after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the Fragmin in Acute Myocardial Infarction (FRAMI) Study.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997 Oct;30(4):962-9.

Randomised controlled trial of subcutaneous calcium-heparin in acute myocardial infarction.
The SCATI (Studio sulla Calciparina nell'Angina e nella Trombosi Ventricolare nell'Infarto) Group.
Lancet. 1989 Jul 22;2(8656):182-6.

Vecchio C, Chiarella F, Lupi G, Bellotti P, Domenicucci S.
Left ventricular thrombus in anterior acute myocardial infarction after thrombolysis. A GISSI-2 connected study.
Circulation. 1991 Aug;84(2):512-9.

Anand SS, Yusuf S.
Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis.
JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21):2058-67.

van Es RF, Jonker JJ, Verheugt FW, Deckers JW, Grobbee DE; Antithrombotics in the Secondary Preventionof Events in Coronary Thrombosis-2 (ASPECT-2) Research Group.
Aspirin and coumadin after acute coronary syndromes (the ASPECT-2 study): a randomised controlled trial.
Lancet. 2002 Jul 13;360(9327):109-13.
Stroke Trials Directory Entry: ASPECT-2

Fiore LD, Ezekowitz MD, Brophy MT, Lu D, Sacco J, Peduzzi P; Combination Hemotherapy and Mortality Prevention (CHAMP) Study Group.
Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Trial comparing combined warfarin and aspirin with aspirin alone in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: primary results of the CHAMP study.
Circulation. 2002 Feb 5;105(5):557-63.

Loh E, Sutton MS, Wun CC, Rouleau JL, Flaker GC, Gottlieb SS, Lamas GA, Moye LA, Goldhaber SZ, Pfeffer MA.
Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):251-7.

Al-Khadra AS, Salem DN, Rand WM, Udelson JE, Smith JJ, Konstam MA.
Warfarin anticoagulation and survival: a cohort analysis from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Mar 15;31(4):749-53.

Cokkinos DV, Toutouzas PK.
Antithrombotic therapy in heart failure: a randomized comparison of warfarin vs. aspirin (HELAS).
Eur J Heart Fail. 1999 Dec;1(4):419-23.

Cleland JG, Findlay I, Jafri S, Sutton G, Falk R, Bulpitt C, Prentice C, Ford I, Trainer A, Poole-Wilson PA.
The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure.
Am Heart J. 2004 Jul;148(1):157-64.

Massie BM
Heart failure trials: are they becoming impractical?
J Card Fail. 2005 Apr;11(3):161-3.

Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group.
N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 4;316(23):1429-35.

Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, Smith R, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Wong M, et al.
A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):303-10.

Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, Loron P, Theard M, Klimczac M, Drobinski G, Thomas D, Grosgogeat Y.
Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke.
N Engl J Med. 1988 May 5;318(18):1148-52.

Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD.
Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts.
Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Jan;59(1):17-20.

Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S.
Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke.
Ann Intern Med. 1992 Sep 15;117(6):461-5.

Mas JL, Zuber M.
Recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both and cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
French Study Group on Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm.
Am Heart J. 1995 Nov;130(5):1083-8.

Bogousslavsky J, Garazi S, Jeanrenaud X, Aebischer N, Van Melle G
Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: the Lausanne Study.
Lausanne Stroke with Paradoxal Embolism Study Group.
Neurology. 1996 May;46(5):1301-5.

Cujec B, Mainra R, Johnson DH.
Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks.
Can J Cardiol. 1999 Jan;15(1):57-64.

Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, Coste J; Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm Study Group.
Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both.
N Engl J Med. 2001 Dec 13;345(24):1740-6.

Nedeltchev K, Arnold M, Wahl A, Sturzenegger M, Vella EE, Windecker S, Meier B, Mattle HP.
Outcome of patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Mar;72(3):347-50.

Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP; PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators.
Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study.
Circulation. 2002 Jun 4;105(22):2625-31.

WARCEF
Warfarin-Aspirin Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction Study
Stroke Trials Directory: WARCEF

ARCH
Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard
Stroke Trials Directory: ARCH

RESPECT
Randomized Evaluation of recurrent Stroke comparing PFO closure to Established current standard of Care Treatment
Stroke Trials Directory: RESPECT